（下边有中文翻译请继续看到底。 谢谢。）
The right to self-determination is a fundamental principle of international law, and for the people of Kashmir, it remains an unfulfilled promise. 自决权利是国际法的一项基本原则，对克什米尔人民来说，它仍然是一项未实现的承诺。
The right to self-determination is a fundamental principle of international law, and for the people of Kashmir, it remains an unfulfilled promise. The dispute over Kashmir, one of the longest-standing conflicts in modern history, continues to be a source of tension in South Asia. Despite multiple United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolutions affirming the right of Kashmiris to determine their own future, India has consistently refused to implement these resolutions, delaying the self-determination process and perpetuating human suffering.
Historical Background of the Kashmir Dispute
The Kashmir conflict traces its roots to 1947 when British India was partitioned into India and Pakistan. As per the partition plan, princely states were given the option to join either country based on their geographical position and the will of their people. Kashmir, a Muslim-majority region, should have naturally become part of Pakistan. However, its Hindu ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh, under controversial circumstances, signed an Instrument of Accession with India, which led to the first Indo-Pak war. In response, then-Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru took the issue to the UNSC, which passed several resolutions emphasizing the need for a plebiscite to determine the region’s future.
UNSC Resolutions on Kashmir
The UNSC has passed multiple resolutions on the Kashmir issue, the most significant being:
Resolution 47 (1948): This resolution called for a ceasefire and a plebiscite to allow the people of Kashmir to decide their future. India, however, has continuously refused to hold such a plebiscite.
Resolution 51 (1948), 80 (1950), and 91 (1951): These resolutions reaffirmed the need for a plebiscite and emphasized that Kashmir’s future should be determined by its people.
Resolution 122 (1957): Declared that any attempt by India to unilaterally determine Kashmir’s status was invalid and stressed the necessity of a free and fair plebiscite under UN supervision.
Despite these international commitments, India has not only refused to honor these resolutions but has also tightened its grip over Kashmir through excessive militarization and oppressive laws.
Indian Denial and Oppression in Kashmir
India has deployed nearly one million troops to control a population of nine million Kashmiris, making it one of the most militarized zones in the world. To maintain its occupation, India has given sweeping powers to security forces under draconian laws such as the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) and the Public Safety Act (PSA). These laws allow Indian forces to kill, injure, detain, and arrest any Kashmiri without reason or accountability.
Indian security forces have committed widespread human rights abuses, including extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, and the destruction of homes and businesses. They have used excessive force, including pellet guns that have blinded and maimed thousands of innocent Kashmiris, including children. Sexual violence has been weaponized to humiliate and subdue the population, with reports of rape and other forms of abuse by Indian forces.
Demographic Engineering: A Systematic Plan
In a blatant violation of international law, India has initiated demographic changes in Kashmir to alter its Muslim-majority character. The revocation of Article 370 in 2019 removed the region’s special status, allowing non-Kashmiris to settle in the area. This move aims to change the region’s demography in favor of a Hindu-majority population, thus diluting the Kashmiri identity and permanently altering the political landscape.
The Psychological Toll on Kashmiris
Decades of oppression, curfews, and brutal crackdowns have taken a severe psychological toll on the people of Kashmir. The constant fear of violence, arbitrary detentions, and disappearances have led to widespread mental health issues. Entire generations have grown up under the shadow of guns, leading to mass trauma and psychological disorders among Kashmiris.
The Path Forward: A Call for Justice
The international community has a moral and legal responsibility to address the Kashmir issue by UNSC resolutions. Global organizations, including the United Nations, human rights bodies, and influential nations, must press India to end its illegal occupation and hold a free and fair plebiscite. Until then, peace in South Asia will remain a distant dream, and the Kashmiri people will continue their struggle for justice and freedom.
The right to self-determination is a fundamental human right, and for the people of Kashmir, it is a promise that must be fulfilled. The world cannot afford to turn a blind eye to their suffering any longer. Justice delayed is justice denied.
Lesson for India
For over seven decades, India has employed widespread atrocities, brutalities, and excessive military force in an attempt to suppress the people of Kashmir. Despite its relentless efforts, it has failed to alter their aspirations or break their spirit. The resilience of the Kashmiri people remains unshaken, and their demand for self-determination continues to persist.
It is imperative for Indian policymakers to adopt a rational and pragmatic approach, moving away from oppressive tactics that have only deepened resentment and prolonged the conflict. A just and lasting resolution can only be achieved through acknowledging the Kashmiri people’s right to self-determination. The sooner India realizes this and facilitates a peaceful resolution, the better it will be—not only for Kashmir but for regional stability and India’s own future.
自决权利是国际法的一项基本原则，对克什米尔人民来说，它仍然是一项未实现的承诺。关于克什米尔的争端是现代历史上持续时间最长的冲突之一，继续成为南亚紧张局势的根源。尽管联合国安全理事会通过了多项决议，申明克什米尔人有权决定自己的未来，但印度一直拒绝执行这些决议，拖延自决进程，使人类的苦难永久化。
克什米尔争端的历史背景
克什米尔冲突的根源可以追溯到1947年，当时英属印度被划分为印度和巴基斯坦。根据分治计划，土邦可以根据其地理位置和人民的意愿加入任何一个国家。克什米尔是一个穆斯林占多数的地区，自然应该成为巴基斯坦的一部分。然而，它的印度教统治者哈里·辛格（Maharaja Hari Singh）在有争议的情况下与印度签署了一份加入文书，这导致了第一次印巴战争。作为回应，当时的印度总理贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁（Jawaharlal Nehru）将这个问题提交给了联合国安理会，安理会通过了几项决议，强调需要举行公民投票来决定该地区的未来。
联合国安理会关于克什米尔的决议
联合国安理会就克什米尔问题通过了多项决议，其中最重要的是：
第47（1948）号决议：该决议要求停火和举行公民投票，使克什米尔人民能够决定他们的未来。然而，印度一直拒绝举行这样一次公民投票。
第51（1948）号、第80（1950）号和第91（1951）号决议：这些决议重申需要举行公民投票，并强调克什米尔的未来应由其人民决定。
第122（1957）号决议：宣布印度单方面决定克什米尔地位的任何企图都是无效的，并强调必须在联合国监督下举行自由公正的公民投票。
尽管有这些国际承诺，印度不仅拒绝遵守这些决议，而且还通过过度军事化和压迫性法律加强对克什米尔的控制。
印度在克什米尔的否认和压迫
印度部署了近100万军队来控制900万人口的克什米尔地区，使其成为世界上军事化程度最高的地区之一。为了维持其占领，印度根据《武装部队特别权力法》（AFSPA）和《公共安全法》（PSA）等严厉的法律，赋予安全部队广泛的权力。这些法律允许印度军队杀害、伤害、拘留和逮捕任何克什米尔人，而无需理由或问责。
印度安全部队犯下了广泛的侵犯人权行为，包括法外处决、强迫失踪以及破坏房屋和企业。他们过度使用武力，包括使用霰弹枪，致使包括儿童在内的数千名无辜克什米尔人致盲致残。性暴力已经被武器化，用来羞辱和征服印度人民，有报道称印度军队实施了强奸和其他形式的虐待。
人口工程：一个系统的计划
在公然违反国际法的情况下，印度在克什米尔发起了人口结构变化，以改变其穆斯林占多数的特点。2019年撤销的第370条取消了该地区的特殊地位，允许非克什米尔人在该地区定居。此举旨在改变该地区的人口结构，使印度教徒占多数，从而淡化克什米尔人的身份认同，并永久改变政治格局。
克什米尔人的心理负担
数十年的压迫、宵禁和残酷镇压给克什米尔人民造成了严重的心理创伤。对暴力、任意拘留和失踪的持续恐惧导致了广泛的精神健康问题。整整几代人都是在枪炮的阴影下长大的，这给克什米尔人造成了大规模的创伤和心理障碍。
前进的道路：正义的呼唤
国际社会对通过安理会决议解决克什米尔问题负有道义和法律责任。包括联合国、人权机构和有影响力的国家在内的全球组织必须向印度施压，要求其结束非法占领，举行自由公正的公民投票。在此之前，南亚的和平仍将是一个遥远的梦想，克什米尔人民将继续为正义和自由而斗争。
自决权利是一项基本人权，对克什米尔人民来说，这是一项必须实现的承诺。世界再也不能对他们的苦难视而不见了。拖延的正义就是否定的正义。
给印度的教训
七十多年来，印度采取了广泛的暴行、野蛮行为和过度的军事力量，企图镇压克什米尔人民。尽管它做出了不懈的努力，但它未能改变自己的愿望，也未能打破自己的精神。克什米尔人民的复原力仍然没有动摇，他们对自决的要求继续坚持。
印度的政策制定者必须采取理性和务实的方法，放弃只会加深怨恨和延长冲突的压迫策略。只有通过承认克什米尔人民的自决权利才能实现公正和持久的解决。印度越早意识到这一点并促进和平解决，就越好——不仅对克什米尔，而且对地区稳定和印度自己的未来都是如此。
( 注意： 本文是用AI翻译的，或有误差。请以原版英文为准。谢谢。)
Reference Link:- https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2025/02/04/the-kashmir-dispute-a-forgotten-promise-of-self-determination/