Sheikh Hasina first came to power in Bangladesh in 1996, and she has since served as Prime Minister for multiple terms, solidifying her position as one of the most influential political figures in the country. Hasina, the daughter of Bangladesh’s founding leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, initially rose to prominence by capitalizing on her family’s legacy and the support of the Awami League, one of the country’s major political parties.
谢赫·哈西娜于1996年首次在孟加拉国掌权，此后她多次担任总理，巩固了她作为该国最有影响力的政治人物之一的地位。哈西娜是孟加拉国开国领袖谢赫·穆吉布·拉赫曼(Sheikh Mujibur Rahman)的女儿，她最初凭借家族遗产和该国主要政党之一人民联盟(Awami League)的支持而声名鹊起。
Hasina has held the office of Prime Minister four times—first from 1996 to 2001, and then from 2009 to the present. Her return to power in 2009 marked the beginning of an extended period of governance, during which she has been accused of systematically undermining democratic institutions in Bangladesh.
哈西娜曾四次担任总理，第一次是1996年至2001年，第二次是2009年至今。她于2009年重新掌权，标志着一段长期执政的开始，在此期间，她被指控有系统地破坏孟加拉国的民主制度。
Her elections, particularly in 2014 and 2018, have been marred by widespread allegations of rigging and electoral fraud. Reports of voter intimidation, ballot stuffing, and the use of state machinery to ensure victory have cast a long shadow over the legitimacy of her victories. The 2014 election was particularly controversial, as it was boycotted by the main opposition party, leading to an uncontested victory for Hasina and her party. The 2018 election was similarly fraught with accusations of manipulation, including the use of violence and coercion to suppress opposition and secure her continued hold on power.
她的选举，特别是2014年和2018年的选举，受到广泛的操纵和选举欺诈指控的损害。有关恐吓选民、填塞选票以及利用国家机器确保胜利的报道，给她的胜利的合法性蒙上了长长的阴影。2014年的选举尤其有争议，因为它受到主要反对党的抵制，导致哈西娜和她的政党毫无争议地获胜。2018年的选举同样充满了操纵选举的指控，包括使用暴力和胁迫来镇压反对派，确保她继续掌权。
India’s involvement in Hasina’s elections has also been a subject of concern. It is widely believed that India has provided strategic support to Hasina, ensuring her political survival and dominance in exchange for policies that align with Indian interests. This relationship has raised questions about the extent to which Hasina’s government represents the will of the Bangladeshi people, rather than serving as a proxy for external interests.
印度对哈西娜选举的介入也是一个令人担忧的问题。人们普遍认为，印度向哈西娜提供了战略支持，确保她的政治生存和统治地位，以换取符合印度利益的政策。这种关系引发了人们的质疑:哈西娜政府在多大程度上代表了孟加拉国人民的意愿，而不是充当了外部利益的代理人。
Under Hasina’s rule, Bangladesh has seen a troubling shift from a democratic to an increasingly authoritarian state. Her government has been accused of systematically dismantling opposition parties, controlling the judiciary, suppressing free speech, and using state power to silence critics. The media, once vibrant and free, has faced severe restrictions, with journalists facing harassment, arrests, and even physical attacks for reporting on government corruption or criticizing Hasina’s policies.
在哈西娜的统治下，孟加拉国经历了从一个民主国家向一个日益专制的国家的令人不安的转变。她的政府被指控有系统地解散反对党，控制司法，压制言论自由，并利用国家权力压制批评者。曾经充满活力和自由的媒体面临着严格的限制，记者因报道政府腐败或批评哈西娜的政策而面临骚扰、逮捕甚至人身攻击。
The transformation of Bangladesh under Hasina from a democracy to an authoritarian regime has been stark. Her negative policies and practices, including the centralization of power, the erosion of democratic checks and balances, and the suppression of dissent, have fundamentally altered the political landscape of the country. Today, Bangladesh under Sheikh Hasina is viewed by many as a nation where democratic principles have been sacrificed in favor of maintaining its grip on power.
在哈西娜的领导下，孟加拉国从一个民主国家转变为一个专制政权，这是非常明显的。她的负面政策和做法，包括权力集中，民主制衡的侵蚀，以及压制异议，从根本上改变了该国的政治格局。今天，在许多人看来，谢赫·哈西娜(Sheikh Hasina)领导下的孟加拉国牺牲了民主原则，以维持对权力的控制。
Misuse of the Quota System Under Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s Rule 在谢赫·哈西娜总理的统治下滥用配额制度
During Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s tenure, the introduction and subsequent misuse of the quota system for government jobs in Bangladesh have become a significant point of contention, triggering widespread discontent and unrest. While quotas were ostensibly introduced to ensure representation and opportunities for various disadvantaged groups, in practice, this system has been exploited to serve the interests of the ruling Awami League, leading to nepotism, favoritism, and the erosion of meritocracy.
在总理谢赫·哈西娜(Sheikh Hasina)任职期间，孟加拉国政府职位配额制度的引入和随后的滥用已经成为一个重要的争论点，引发了广泛的不满和动荡。虽然配额的引入表面上是为了确保各种弱势群体的代表权和机会，但实际上，这一制度被利用来为执政的人民联盟(Awami League)的利益服务，导致裙带关系、偏袒和精英统治的侵蚀。
Introduction of the Quota System 引进配额制度
The quota system in Bangladesh, particularly under Hasina’s government, was intended to reserve a certain percentage of government jobs for specific groups, such as women, freedom fighters’ descendants, ethnic minorities, and people from rural areas. Initially, this system was meant to promote inclusivity and address historical inequalities. However, the implementation and management of this system have been deeply flawed, leading to significant criticism and unrest.
孟加拉国的配额制度，特别是在哈西娜政府时期，旨在为特定群体保留一定比例的政府职位，如妇女、自由战士的后代、少数民族和农村地区的人。最初，这一制度旨在促进包容性，解决历史上的不平等问题。然而，这一制度的实施和管理存在严重缺陷，导致了严重的批评和动荡。
Misuse and Manipulation of the Quota System 配额制度的滥用和操纵
Rather than serving as a tool for social justice, the quota system has been grossly misused under Hasina’s rule. The system has been manipulated to appoint members of the Awami League and its affiliates to key government positions, regardless of their qualifications or merit. Senior positions in the civil service, judiciary, armed forces, police, and other crucial decision-making bodies have been filled with party loyalists, creating a climate of cronyism and undermining the effectiveness of public institutions.
在哈西娜的统治下，配额制度被严重滥用，而不是作为社会正义的工具。这个制度被操纵，人民联盟及其附属组织的成员被任命为政府要职，而不考虑他们的资格或功绩。公务员、司法部门、武装部队、警察和其他关键决策机构的高级职位都被忠于党的人占据，造成了任人唯亲的气氛，破坏了公共机构的效率。
This blatant disregard for merit has had devastating effects on the morale and opportunities of countless deserving candidates who have been systematically sidelined. The misuse of the quota system has deprived talented and qualified individuals of their rightful opportunities, stifling the potential for innovation, efficiency, and progress within the government. The promotion of unqualified individuals based solely on their political allegiance has led to a degradation of public service standards, further alienating the general populace.
这种明目张胆地无视成绩的做法，对无数本该获得提名的候选人的士气和机会造成了毁灭性的影响，他们被系统地排除在外。配额制度的滥用剥夺了有才能和合格的个人应有的机会，扼杀了政府内部创新、效率和进步的潜力。仅仅根据其政治忠诚来提拔不合格的个人，导致了公共服务标准的降低，进一步疏远了广大民众。
Impact on Public Sentiment and Unrest 对民意和社会动荡的影响
The widespread misuse of the quota system under Hasina’s rule has not gone unnoticed by the public. The growing frustration over this system’s manipulation has been a significant factor in sparking protests and violence, particularly among students and young professionals who see their futures being sacrificed on the altar of political expediency. The movement against the quota system, which gained momentum in 2018, was a direct response to the perception that the government was using the system to entrench its power at the expense of the common citizen.
公众并没有忽视哈西娜统治下广泛滥用配额制度的现象。对这一制度被操纵的日益不满，是引发抗议和暴力的重要因素，尤其是在学生和年轻专业人士中，他们看到自己的未来在政治权宜之计的祭坛上被牺牲。反对配额制度的运动在2018年愈演愈烈，这是对一种看法的直接回应，即政府正在利用该制度以牺牲普通公民的利益为代价来巩固其权力。
These protests quickly evolved into a broader revolt against Hasina’s authoritarian governance, highlighting the deep-seated resentment towards the systemic corruption and nepotism that have come to define her rule. The public outcry against the quota system was not just about jobs; it was a manifestation of a larger dissatisfaction with the government’s disregard for meritocracy and democratic values.
这些抗议活动迅速演变为对哈西娜独裁统治的更广泛的反抗，突显了对她统治的系统性腐败和裙带关系的根深蒂固的怨恨。公众对配额制度的强烈抗议不仅与就业有关;
Negative and Counterproductive Aspects 这是对政府无视任人唯贤和民主价值观的更大不满的表现。
The misuse of the quota system under Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has been deeply counterproductive. Instead of promoting equality and fair representation, it has perpetuated inequality, stifled talent, and entrenched the power of a select few within the ruling party. This has led to a significant brain drain, as many talented individuals, disillusioned by the lack of opportunities and fairness in the system, seek to emigrate in search of better prospects.
在总理谢赫·哈西娜(Sheikh Hasina)的领导下，滥用配额制度产生了严重的反效果。它没有促进平等和公平代表权，反而使不平等永久化，扼杀了人才，巩固了执政党中少数人的权力。这导致了大量人才流失，因为许多有才能的人对这个制度缺乏机会和公平感到失望，寻求移民以寻求更好的前景。
Moreover, the deep-seated frustration over this issue has contributed to a loss of trust in the government and its institutions. The perception that the system is rigged to favor a particular political class has eroded the legitimacy of the government in the eyes of many Bangladeshis, leading to increased political instability and social unrest.
此外，在这个问题上根深蒂固的挫折感导致人们对政府及其机构失去了信任。在许多孟加拉国人看来，人们认为这个制度被操纵，有利于特定的政治阶层，这削弱了政府的合法性，导致政治不稳定和社会动荡加剧。
Dictatorial Rule of Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina 孟加拉国总理谢赫·哈西娜的独裁统治
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s tenure in Bangladesh has increasingly been characterized by authoritarian practices, raising serious concerns about the erosion of democratic and constitutional values in the country. Her policies appear primarily designed to consolidate and prolong her rule, often at the expense of fundamental democratic principles and the rights of her citizens.
孟加拉国总理谢赫·哈西娜(Sheikh Hasina)任期内的专制行为越来越多，引发了人们对该国民主和宪法价值观受到侵蚀的严重担忧。她的政策似乎主要是为了巩固和延长她的统治，经常以牺牲基本的民主原则和公民的权利为代价。
Under Hasina’s leadership, political opposition has been systematically marginalized, with many of her critics facing severe repression. Prominent opposition figures, particularly from the Jamaat-e-Islami party, have been targeted through controversial judicial processes. Several leaders of Jamaat-e-Islami were executed following trials that were widely criticized as politically motivated and lacking due process. This crackdown on opposition leaders has been seen by many as a strategy to eliminate any significant challenge to her authority.
在哈西娜的领导下，政治反对派被系统性地边缘化，她的许多批评者面临严厉镇压。著名的反对派人物，特别是来自伊斯兰大会党(Jamaat-e-Islami)的人物，已经通过有争议的司法程序成为打击目标。伊斯兰大会党的几名领导人在审判后被处决，这些审判被广泛批评为出于政治动机和缺乏正当程序。
The case of Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus, the founder of Grameen Bank and a globally respected figure, is another glaring example of Hasina’s oppressive tactics. Yunus, who had been a potential political rival, found himself embroiled in legal battles instigated by the government, which many view as an attempt to discredit and neutralize him as a political threat. This persecution of a figure of such stature has only further tarnished Hasina’s image on the international stage.
诺贝尔奖得主、格莱珉银行创始人穆罕默德•尤努斯(Muhammad Yunus)的案例是哈西娜压迫策略的另一个明显例子。尤努斯在全球广受尊敬。尤努斯曾是一个潜在的政治对手，但他发现自己卷入了由政府挑起的法律纠纷，许多人认为这是政府试图抹黑和消除他的政治威胁。对如此重要人物的迫害只会进一步玷污哈西娜在国际舞台上的形象。
Hasina’s regime has also been marked by a heavy-handed approach to dissent and public opposition. The use of excessive force by security agencies has become a hallmark of her rule, with reports of extrajudicial killings, arbitrary arrests, and detentions becoming increasingly common. The security forces have been accused of employing brutal tactics to suppress protests, silence opposition voices, and maintain control, creating an atmosphere of fear and repression across the country.
哈西娜政权也以对异议和公众反对采取高压手段而闻名。安全机构过度使用武力已成为她统治的一个标志，有关法外处决、任意逮捕和拘留的报道越来越普遍。安全部队被指控采用野蛮手段镇压抗议活动，压制反对派的声音，维持控制，在全国各地制造恐惧和镇压的气氛。
Public discontent has been met with harsh crackdowns, further fueling anger and resentment among the population. The widespread use of state machinery to stifle dissent has been a significant factor in the growing public revolt against her government. Hasina’s dictatorial practices, including the suppression of free speech, the manipulation of the judiciary, and the persecution of political opponents, have alienated many and are increasingly seen as the root cause of the unrest and instability in Bangladesh.
公众的不满遭到了严厉的镇压，这进一步加剧了民众的愤怒和怨恨。广泛使用国家机器来压制异议是公众反对她的政府的一个重要因素。哈西娜的独裁行径，包括压制言论自由、操纵司法和迫害政治对手，已经疏远了许多人，并日益被视为孟加拉国动乱和不稳定的根源。
Former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s rule in Bangladesh has been marked by authoritarianism, repression, and a blatant disregard for democratic norms. Her efforts to secure her power through the elimination of opposition, the manipulation of legal processes, and the brutal suppression of dissent have not only undermined the country’s democratic institutions but have also fueled widespread public discontent. As a result, Hasina’s dictatorial practices are now being recognized as a central cause of the growing unrest and resistance among the Bangladeshi people.
孟加拉国前总理谢赫·哈西娜(Sheikh Hasina)的统治以威权主义、镇压和公然无视民主规范为特征。她通过消除反对派、操纵法律程序和残酷镇压异见人士来确保自己的权力，这不仅破坏了该国的民主制度，而且引发了公众的广泛不满。因此，哈西娜的独裁做法现在被认为是孟加拉国人民日益动荡和抵抗的主要原因。
Indian Interference in Bangladesh 印度对孟加拉国的干涉
While the relationship between India and Bangladesh has been historically significant, recent years have seen an increasing wave of skepticism and concern in Bangladesh regarding India’s perceived interference in its internal affairs. This interference, viewed by many as undermining Bangladesh’s sovereignty, has fueled growing anti-India sentiments among the Bangladeshi public.
虽然印度和孟加拉国之间的关系在历史上具有重要意义，但近年来，孟加拉国对印度干涉其内政的怀疑和担忧日益增加。这种干涉被许多人视为破坏了孟加拉国的主权，在孟加拉国公众中引发了日益增长的反印度情绪。
Politically, India’s influence in Bangladesh’s domestic landscape has become a contentious issue. There are widespread perceptions that New Delhi exercises undue pressure on Dhaka, particularly in matters of governance and electoral processes. Allegations of Indian involvement in Bangladesh’s political affairs, including tacit support for certain political factions, have not only fueled tensions but have also led to a sense of resentment among ordinary Bangladeshis, who view this as an infringement on their country’s independence.
在政治上，印度对孟加拉国国内格局的影响已成为一个有争议的问题。人们普遍认为，新德里对达卡施加了过度压力，尤其是在治理和选举过程方面。有关印度介入孟加拉国政治事务的指控，包括对某些政治派别的暗中支持，不仅加剧了紧张局势，而且在孟加拉国普通民众中引发了不满情绪，他们认为这是对孟加拉国独立的侵犯。
Economically, while India remains one of Bangladesh’s largest trading partners, the trade relationship is seen by many as heavily skewed in India’s favor. The trade imbalance, which consistently favors India, has heightened concerns about economic dependency. Many Bangladeshis feel that Indian investments and projects often prioritize India’s strategic interests over those of Bangladesh, reinforcing a perception of inequality in the partnership. The unresolved issues surrounding water sharing, particularly the Teesta River dispute, further exacerbate these concerns, with the public feeling that India has not adequately addressed Bangladesh’s legitimate needs.
在经济上，虽然印度仍然是孟加拉国最大的贸易伙伴之一，但许多人认为，两国的贸易关系严重向印度倾斜。一直有利于印度的贸易不平衡加剧了人们对印度经济依赖的担忧。许多孟加拉国人认为，印度的投资和项目往往优先考虑印度的战略利益，而不是孟加拉国的战略利益，这加深了人们对这种伙伴关系不平等的看法。围绕水资源共享的未决问题，特别是蒂斯塔河争端，进一步加剧了这些担忧，公众认为印度没有充分解决孟加拉国的合法需求。
In recent years, there has been growing anxiety over what is perceived as an overbearing Indian influence on Bangladesh’s cultural space. This concern has sparked a backlash from those who fear that Bangladesh’s unique cultural identity is being overshadowed, leading to a rise in anti-India sentiment among the populace.
近年来，人们越来越担心印度对孟加拉国文化空间的霸道影响。这种担忧引发了一些人的强烈反对，他们担心孟加拉国独特的文化身份正在被掩盖，导致民众中反印度情绪的上升。
Security issues along the border have also contributed to the growing public discontent. Incidents of cross-border smuggling, the controversial actions of Indian security forces, and reports of border killings have led to widespread outrage in Bangladesh. These events have fueled a perception that India’s actions are often heavy-handed and dismissive of Bangladesh’s sovereignty, further stoking anti-India sentiments.
边境安全问题也加剧了公众的不满情绪。跨境走私事件、印度安全部队有争议的行动以及有关边境杀戮的报道在孟加拉国引起了广泛的愤怒。这些事件加剧了人们的看法，即印度的行动往往是粗暴的，蔑视孟加拉国的主权，进一步激起了反印度的情绪。
India’s notorious intelligence agency, RAW, has long maintained a covert presence in Bangladesh, exerting significant influence over the country’s internal affairs. Reports suggest that RAW plays a decisive role in shaping key policies in Bangladesh, ensuring that they align with India’s strategic interests. Alarmingly, it is alleged that crucial appointments, such as the selection of Bangladeshi ambassadors to other countries, promotions of senior military officials, and high-ranking bureaucratic positions, require RAW’s approval. This oversight by RAW is seen as an effort to ensure that those appointed to senior positions in Bangladesh are sympathetic to Indian interests, effectively serving as extensions of India’s influence within the country. As a result of these factors, public sentiment in Bangladesh is increasingly critical of what is seen as Indian interference in the country’s affairs. This growing resentment has the potential to strain bilateral relations, as the Bangladeshi public pushes back against perceived external pressures. If these concerns are not addressed, the rising anti-India sentiment could lead to a significant reevaluation of Bangladesh’s relationship with India, with a greater emphasis on asserting national independence and safeguarding Bangladesh’s sovereignty.
印度臭名昭著的情报机构RAW长期以来一直在孟加拉国保持秘密存在，对该国内政施加重大影响。报告显示，RAW在制定孟加拉国关键政策方面发挥着决定性作用，确保这些政策与印度的战略利益保持一致。令人震惊的是，据称关键的任命，如选择孟加拉国驻其他国家大使、晋升高级军事官员和高级官僚职位，都需要劳审委的批准。RAW的这种监督被视为确保那些被任命为孟加拉国高级职位的人同情印度的利益，有效地扩大了印度在该国的影响力。由于这些因素，孟加拉国的公众情绪越来越批评印度对该国事务的干涉。随着孟加拉国公众对感知到的外部压力进行反击，这种日益增长的怨恨有可能使双边关系紧张。如果这些担忧得不到解决，不断上升的反印度情绪可能导致孟加拉国与印度关系的重大重新评估，更加强调维护国家独立和维护孟加拉国的主权。
Allegations and Regional Dynamics – Geopolitical Landscape 指控和区域动态-地缘政治景观
Recent allegations by India suggesting that China or Pakistan might be involved in the unrest against Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina are unfounded and lack substantiation. Such claims seem to be an attempt to deflect attention from the real issues at hand, which are deeply rooted in the domestic political landscape of Bangladesh.
这种说法似乎是企图转移人们对手头实际问题的注意力，这些问题深深植根于孟加拉国国内政治格局。
It is essential to recognize that the growing anti-India sentiments in Bangladesh are likely to have significant repercussions for India’s regional standing. The ongoing unrest and political instability in Bangladesh could indeed reflect negatively on India, potentially undermining its political investments and strategic interests in the region. As anti-India sentiments intensify, there is a real possibility that India could find itself further isolated in South Asia.
必须认识到，孟加拉国日益增长的反印度情绪很可能对印度的地区地位产生重大影响。孟加拉国持续的动荡和政治不稳定确实会对印度产生负面影响，可能会损害印度在该地区的政治投资和战略利益。随着反印度情绪的加剧，印度很有可能发现自己在南亚被进一步孤立。
India’s diplomatic relationships with its neighbors have been increasingly strained. For instance, recent developments in the Maldives illustrate a notable shift in regional alliances, with China stepping into a position previously held by India. The strained relationship between India and the Maldives underscores a broader pattern of deteriorating relations with neighboring countries.
印度与邻国的外交关系日益紧张。例如，马尔代夫最近的事态发展表明，地区联盟发生了显著变化，中国进入了此前由印度占据的位置。印度和马尔代夫之间的紧张关系凸显了印度与邻国关系恶化的更广泛格局。
Looking ahead, it is plausible that any new government in Bangladesh could adopt a more critical stance toward India, driven by the prevailing anti-India sentiment. This shift could further isolate India and exacerbate its challenges in the region.
展望未来，在盛行的反印情绪的推动下，孟加拉国的任何新政府都有可能对印度采取更为批评的立场。这种转变可能会进一步孤立印度，加剧其在该地区的挑战。
While some media speculation suggests that Western dissatisfaction with PM Hasina’s pro-Russia and pro-China tilt might be influencing the current unrest, it is important to note that there is no concrete evidence linking Western countries, including the US, to the student protests and unrest in Bangladesh. Additionally, Pakistan has officially denied any involvement in these movements, and the Foreign Office has clearly stated its non-involvement.
虽然一些媒体猜测西方对哈西娜总理亲俄和亲中倾向的不满可能影响了当前的骚乱，但重要的是要注意，没有具体证据表明包括美国在内的西方国家与孟加拉国的学生抗议和骚乱有关。此外，巴基斯坦已正式否认参与这些运动，外交部也明确表示没有参与。
China, for its part, has consistently maintained a policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries. The focus remains on fostering positive bilateral relations and supporting regional stability without engaging in external conflicts.
就中国而言，一贯奉行不干涉别国内政的政策。重点仍然是发展积极的双边关系，在不卷入外部冲突的情况下支持地区稳定。
While India’s geopolitical maneuvering in South Asia faces challenges, attributing the unrest in Bangladesh to external forces such as China or Pakistan lacks evidence and does not reflect the complexities of the situation. The evolving regional dynamics will likely push India further into isolation unless there is a strategic reassessment and a shift towards more constructive and diplomatic engagement with its neighbors.
虽然印度在南亚的地缘政治策略面临挑战，但将孟加拉国的动荡归咎于中国或巴基斯坦等外部力量缺乏证据，也没有反映出局势的复杂性。不断变化的地区动态可能会使印度进一步陷入孤立，除非进行战略重新评估，并转向与邻国进行更具建设性的外交接触。
( 注意： 本文是用AI翻译的，或有误差。请以原版英文为准。谢谢。)
Reference Link:- https://strafasia.com/root-cause-of-revolt-in-bangladesh/