（下边有中文翻译请继续看到底。 谢谢。）
China has heavily invested in education, science, technology, and innovation since it launched reforms and opened up in 1978. 自1978年改革开放以来，中国在教育、科学、技术和创新方面投入了大量资金。
China has heavily invested in education, science, technology, and innovation since it launched reforms and opened up in 1978. In the early days, China sent its youth to world-class universities all over the world and developed quality human resources. In the next stage, China focused on upgrading its own universities and invested in Chinese universities. Curricula were modernized, and teaching methods were improved. Exam systems were changed, and they started to catch up with the global universities and struggled to achieve a global ranking. As a result, today, around a dozen universities have achieved status in the top hundred universities of the world, and nearly a hundred universities fall among the top 500 universities of the top global universities.
In the third stage, China focused on research and development. Invested generously in establishing state-of-the-art laboratories. Equipped laboratories with modern, advanced, and the latest equipment, instruments, and materials. Research infrastructure was improved immensely.
For research, three things are essential: research human resources, research infrastructure, and above all, research culture. China developed research human resources by sending millions of youths to top universities all over the world. Invested heavily in research infrastructure and created a research culture through various monetary incentives.
Now it is time for China to reap the fruits of education, research, development, and innovation. China is comprehensively utilizing sci-tech as an engine of economic growth.
One of the case studies is described below:
China’s expertise in minerals and mining, particularly for rare earth metals, is built on decades of strategic, long-term planning that includes control over the entire supply chain from mining and refining to manufacturing. Its dominance stems from a combination of vast resources, the ability to manage the complex and hazardous separation and purification processes, and heavy investment in R&D, which has led to a leading position in patents and the production of critical materials like permanent magnets. China also benefits from lower development costs due to state support for national champions, vast human resources, and an abundance of natural resource reserves, giving it a significant global advantage.
Key areas of Chinese expertise
Mining and extraction:
China accounts for around 70% of global rare earth mining, a process that is often difficult due to the elements’ co-occurrence with other materials like uranium.
Processing and refining:
China holds a dominant position (around 90-94%) in the highly complex and specialized processes of separating and purifying rare earth elements.
Manufacturing:
The country is a leader in manufacturing finished products, producing over 90% of the world’s rare earth permanent magnets, which are vital for high-tech and industrial applications.
Research and development:
China has filed a significantly larger number of patents related to rare earths than other countries, indicating a strong focus on technological advancement in the field.
Chinese dominance of rare earth metals and critical minerals.
China controls up to 90 percent of global rare earth metals and critical minerals either physically or through Chinese technology, machinery, or processes. The October 2025 decisions—outlined in MOFCOM’s announcements (Nos. 57, 58, 61, and 62)—mark an important refinement of China’s export governance framework. These include:
Export Control on Rare Earth Items and Technologies: Covering mining, smelting, refining, and magnet-making processes for medium and heavy rare earth elements, including holmium, dysprosium, terbium, yttrium, and gadolinium.
Control on Dual-Use Technologies: Exports involving rare earth production line services and technology transfers will require dual-use export licenses.
Control on Superhard Materials and Synthetic Graphite: Including artificial diamond materials, lithium battery-related items, and synthetic graphite anodes—critical for the global electric vehicle (EV) industry.
Unreliable Entity List Update: Addition of 14 foreign entities (including firms such as Dedrone by Axon, BAE Systems Inc., Tech Insights, and Elbit Systems of America) for engaging in activities that undermine China’s national security and economic interests.
These steps are consistent with China’s Export Control Law of 2020 and international practices established under the Wassenaar Arrangement and UN frameworks. They neither target specific countries nor disrupt global trade arbitrarily. Instead, they ensure that technologies of strategic value are exported responsibly and with full regard to China’s national interests.
It is time for China to reap the economic benefits of its decades of huge investment in education, science, technology, and innovation.
中国在稀土金属和关键矿产方面的战略举措
自1978年改革开放以来，中国在教育、科学、技术和创新方面投入了大量资金。早期，中国将青年送往世界一流大学，培养了高素质的人力资源。下一阶段，中国着力提升自己的大学水平，对中国的大学进行投资。课程现代化，教学方法改进。考试制度发生了变化，他们开始追赶全球大学，并努力获得全球排名。因此，今天，大约有十几所大学取得了世界百强大学的地位，近百所大学进入全球顶尖大学的前500名。
第三阶段，中国以研发为重点。慷慨投资建立最先进的实验室。实验室配备了现代化、先进、最新的设备、仪器和材料。研究基础设施得到极大改善。
对于研究来说，有三件事是必不可少的：研究人力资源、研究基础设施，以及最重要的研究文化。中国通过将数以百万计的年轻人送到世界各地的顶尖大学，发展了研究人力资源。大力投资研究基础设施，并通过各种货币激励创造了研究文化。
现在是中国收获教育、研究、发展和创新成果的时候了。中国正在全面发挥科技作为经济增长引擎的作用。
其中一个案例研究如下：
中国在矿产和采矿方面的专长，尤其是稀土金属，是建立在数十年的战略长期规划之上的，包括对从采矿、提炼到制造的整个供应链的控制。它的优势源于丰富的资源、管理复杂而危险的分离和净化过程的能力，以及对研发的大量投资，这使得它在专利和永磁体等关键材料的生产方面处于领先地位。由于国家对国家冠军企业的支持、庞大的人力资源和丰富的自然资源储备，中国还受益于较低的发展成本，这使其具有显著的全球优势。
中国专业知识的关键领域
采矿和提取：
中国占全球稀土开采量的70%左右，由于稀土元素与铀等其他材料共存，这一过程往往很困难。
加工精炼：
在高度复杂和专业化的分离和纯化稀土元素的过程中，中国占据主导地位（约90-94%）。
制造:
该国在成品制造方面处于领先地位，生产了世界上90%以上的稀土永磁体，稀土永磁体对高科技和工业应用至关重要。
研发：
与其他国家相比，中国申请的稀土相关专利数量要多得多，这表明中国非常重视该领域的技术进步。
中国在稀土金属和关键矿物方面的主导地位。
中国控制着全球高达90%的稀土金属和关键矿物，无论是物理上还是通过中国的技术、机械或工艺。商务部公告（第57、58、61和62号）概述了2025年10月的决定，标志着中国出口治理框架的重要完善。这些包括:
稀土物项和技术出口管制：包括钬、镝、铽、钇、钆等中重稀土元素的开采、冶炼、精炼和磁体制造过程。
对双重用途技术的管制：涉及稀土生产线服务和技术转让的出口将需要双重用途出口许可证。
对超硬材料和合成石墨的控制：包括人造金刚石材料，锂电池相关项目，以及对全球电动汽车（EV）行业至关重要的合成石墨阳极。
不可靠实体名单更新：新增14家从事破坏中国国家安全和经济利益活动的外国实体（包括Dedrone by Axon、BAE系统公司、Tech Insights和美国埃尔比特系统公司等公司）。
这些举措符合中国2020年《出口管制法》，也符合瓦森纳安排和联合国框架下的国际惯例。它们既不针对特定国家，也不随意扰乱全球贸易。相反，它们确保具有战略价值的技术以负责任的方式出口，并充分考虑到中国的国家利益。
是时候让中国从几十年来在教育、科学、技术和创新方面的巨额投资中获得经济效益了。
( 注意： 本文是用AI翻译的，或有误差。请以原版英文为准。谢谢。)
Reference Link:- https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2025/10/18/chinas-strategic-move-on-rare-earth-metals-and-critical-mineral/