巴勒斯坦自决权
(下边有中文翻译，请继续看到底。 谢谢。）
- UN Security Council Resolution 242 emphasized the inadmissibility of acquiring territory by war and called for Israeli withdrawal from territories occupied in the conflict, alongside a just settlement of the refugee problem.
- Peace initiatives, negotiations and international resolutions repeatedly recognized Palestinian aspirations, but settlement expansion and continuing occupation steadily complicated the possibility of a viable Palestinian state.
- In its July 2024 advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice concluded that Israel’s prolonged occupation, settlement policy, annexation and related discriminatory measures obstruct the Palestinian people’s right to self-determination.
The Palestinian question is one of the longest unresolved political and humanitarian crises of the modern era. At its heart is a simple principle: a people should have the right to determine its political future, live in freedom and dignity, and establish a sovereign state in its historic homeland. After decades of occupation, displacement, settlement expansion, and conflict, denying Palestinians this right has become increasingly difficult to justify.
Before the creation of Israel, Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire and subsequently came under British Mandate rule. The emergence of modern political Zionism in late-19th-century Europe fundamentally changed the political trajectory of the region. Zionism sought to establish a Jewish national home, eventually developing into a movement for Jewish statehood. Theodor Herzl became one of its most prominent political figures.
Britain’s 1917 Balfour Declaration gave the Zionist project major international political support by backing a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine, while formally promising not to prejudice the rights of the existing non-Jewish population. The declaration became an important foundation for the subsequent establishment of Israel.
After the Second World War and the Holocaust, international support for a Jewish state intensified. In 1947, the United Nations adopted Resolution 181, recommending partition of Palestine into Arab and Jewish states, with Jerusalem under a special international regime. The proposal was rejected by Palestinian Arab leadership, while the Jewish Agency accepted it with reservations. When Israel declared independence in May 1948, war followed. Israel ultimately controlled substantially more territory than the area allocated to it under the UN partition plan. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians were displaced in what Palestinians call the Nakba, or catastrophe.
The conflict did not end there. The 1967 war brought the West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza under Israeli occupation. UN Security Council Resolution 242 emphasized the inadmissibility of acquiring territory by war and called for Israeli withdrawal from territories occupied in the conflict, alongside a just settlement of the refugee problem.
For Palestinians, the subsequent decades became a struggle for national rights and statehood. Peace initiatives, negotiations and international resolutions repeatedly recognized Palestinian aspirations, but settlement expansion and continuing occupation steadily complicated the possibility of a viable Palestinian state.
The international legal position has become particularly significant. In its July 2024 advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice concluded that Israel’s prolonged occupation, settlement policy, annexation and related discriminatory measures obstruct the Palestinian people’s right to self-determination. The Court found Israel’s continued presence in the Occupied Palestinian Territory unlawful and called for an end to new settlement activity.
The UN Security Council had already declared in Resolution 2334 that Israeli settlements in territory occupied since 1967, including East Jerusalem, have “no legal validity” and constitute a major obstacle to a just and lasting peace. The resolution specifically condemned settlement expansion, land confiscation, home demolitions and displacement.
The tragedy reached a new and devastating phase on 7 October 2023, when Hamas-led fighters attacked Israel, killing about 1,200 people and taking 251 hostages, according to subsequent Israeli figures. But neither can it erase the decades of occupation and dispossession that preceded it.
There have also been serious allegations that Israeli authorities received warnings before 7 October. Recent reporting has cited claims that UAE President Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed warned Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu about a possible major Hamas operation. Netanyahu has denied receiving such a warning. Although Netanyahu has pressurized UAE to deny this allegation, but, UAE has not denied. Even Egypt has confirmed that such information was shared with Israel before 7 October, 2023.
What is beyond dispute is the enormous scale of the subsequent devastation in Gaza. Israel’s military campaign has produced catastrophic civilian suffering, destruction of homes and infrastructure, displacement and severe humanitarian conditions. The International Court of Justice, in the genocide proceedings brought by South Africa, ordered provisional measures requiring Israel to prevent acts within the scope of the Genocide Convention and to address the humanitarian situation. These orders do not constitute a final judgment that genocide has occurred, but they underline the gravity of the allegations before the Court.
The wider regional consequences have also been alarming, with violence involving Lebanon, Syria and Iran adding further risks of regional escalation. Israel’s security concerns are an excuse, but the security and political rights of Palestinians are genuine. One cannot permanently secure one population by denying another its fundamental rights.
The way forward should therefore begin with an unequivocal commitment to Palestinian self-determination. Palestinians deserve an independent, sovereign and viable state, alongside Israel, with secure and internationally recognized borders of 1948 and Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine. Israel must return to its border recognized by the UN in 1948.
Peace cannot be built on permanent occupation, forced displacement, or indefinite military control. Nor can it be achieved through terrorism or attacks on civilians.
After generations of suffering, the international community should move beyond statements and implement international law consistently. The Palestinian people have waited long enough for the right that international law already recognizes: the right to determine their own future.
巴勒斯坦自决权。
巴勒斯坦问题是现代史上持续时间最长、尚未解决的政治与人道主义危机之一。其核心是一个简单的原则：一个民族应当有权决定自己的政治未来，享有自由与尊严，并在历史上的家园建立主权国家。经过数十年的占领、流离失所、定居扩张和冲突，剥夺巴勒斯坦人这一权利已越来越难以被正当化。
在以色列建国之前，巴勒斯坦曾属于奥斯曼帝国，随后进入英国委任统治时期。19世纪末欧洲出现的现代政治犹太复国主义，从根本上改变了该地区的政治走向。犹太复国主义旨在为犹太人建立一个“民族家园”，最终发展成为争取犹太人国家地位的运动。西奥多·赫茨尔成为其中最杰出的政治人物之一。
1917年，英国发表的《贝尔福宣言》通过支持在巴勒斯坦建立“犹太民族的民族家园”，为犹太复国主义事业提供了重要的国际政治支持，同时正式承诺不损害当地非犹太居民的权利。这一宣言成为后来建立以色列的重要基础。
第二次世界大战和大屠杀之后，国际社会对犹太国家的支持日益增强。1947年，联合国通过了第181号决议，建议将巴勒斯坦划分为阿拉伯国家和犹太国家，并由国际社会设立耶路撒冷的特殊地位。该提议遭到巴勒斯坦阿拉伯领导层的拒绝，而犹太复国主义机构则以保留意见接受。1948年5月以色列宣布独立后，战争随即爆发。最终，以色列控制的领土远超联合国分区计划所分配的范围。数十万巴勒斯坦人被迫流离失所，这在巴勒斯坦人眼中被称为“灾难”（Nakba）。
冲突并未就此结束。1967年的战争使约旦河西岸、东耶路撒冷和加沙地带被以色列占领。联合国安理会第242号决议强调，通过战争夺取领土是不可接受的，并要求以色列从冲突中占领的领土撤军，同时公正解决难民问题。
对巴勒斯坦人而言，随后的几十年成为争取民族权利和国家地位的斗争。和平倡议、谈判和国际决议多次承认巴勒斯坦人的诉求，但定居点扩张和持续占领不断使建立一个可行的巴勒斯坦国的可能性变得复杂。
国际法地位变得尤为重要。2024年7月，国际法院在其咨询意见中指出，以色列长期占领、定居政策、吞并以及相关的歧视性措施阻碍了巴勒斯坦人民实现自决权。法院认定以色列在被占领的巴勒斯坦领土上持续存在的行为是非法的，并呼吁停止新的定居活动。
联合国安理会此前已在第2334号决议中声明，自1967年以来被占领土上的以色列定居点，包括东耶路撒冷，均“不具备法律效力”，并构成实现公正持久和平的重大障碍。该决议特别谴责了定居点扩张、土地没收、房屋拆除和人口流离失所行为。
2023年10月7日，这场悲剧进入了一个新的、毁灭性的阶段：据后续以色列方面消息，由哈马斯领导的武装分子袭击以色列，造成约1200人死亡，并俘虏251人作为人质。然而，这一事件也无法抹去其前数十年的占领与剥夺土地的历史。
此外，有严重指控称以色列当局在10月7日之前已收到警告。近期报道援引消息称，阿联酋总统谢赫·穆罕默德·本·扎耶德曾向以色列总理本雅明·内塔尼亚胡发出警告，提醒其可能爆发大规模的哈马斯行动。内塔尼亚胡否认收到此类警告。尽管他一直施压要求阿联酋予以否认，但阿联酋并未否认。就连埃及也证实，在2023年10月7日之前，此类信息已与以色列共享。
无可争议的是，加沙随后遭受的破坏程度之巨大。以色列的军事行动造成了严重的平民伤亡、房屋和基础设施的损毁、人口流离失所以及严峻的人道主义状况。国际法院在南非提起的种族灭绝诉讼中，下令采取临时措施，要求以色列防止违反《禁止种族灭绝罪公约》的行为，并改善人道状况。这些命令并不构成种族灭绝已发生的最终判决，但凸显了法院面前指控的严重性。
更广泛的地区后果同样令人担忧，黎巴嫩、叙利亚和伊朗的暴力冲突进一步加剧了地区局势升级的风险。以色列的安全关切是借口，但巴勒斯坦人的安全与政治权利却是真实存在的。不能通过剥夺另一群体的基本权利来永久保障一个民族。
因此，前进的道路应始于对巴勒斯坦人民自决权的明确承诺。以色列必须归还其在1948年被联合国承认的边界。
和平不能建立在永久占领、强制流离失所或无限期军事控制之上，也不能通过恐怖主义或针对平民的袭击来实现。
经过数代人的苦难之后，国际社会应当超越空洞的声明，始终如一地遵守国际法。巴勒斯坦人民等待了足够长的时间，以争取国际法早已承认的权利：即决定自身未来的权利。
(注意： 本文是用AI翻译的，或有误差。请以原版英文为准。谢谢。)
Reference Link:- https://minutemirror.com.pk/right-of-self-determination-for-palestine-644935/
Zamir Ahmed Awan is the founder and Chair of the Global Silk Route Research Alliance, a think tank in Islamabad. He studied engineering at Shanghai University in the 1980s, and years later he went back to China as Pakistan's science counsellor in Beijing, from 2010 until 2016, working on science and higher education cooperation between the two countries.…
