向中国出口更多农产品已提上日程，但结构性障碍和巴基斯坦农村地区缺乏技术进步阻碍了该行业的发展。中巴经济走廊(China-Pakistan Economic Corridor)的新陆路路线可能会让这个全球最大的农产品进口国更容易获得更多大米和其他主食
农业仍然是巴基斯坦经济的支柱，占其出口的75%。
巴基斯坦总理谢里夫(Shehbaz Sharif)对中国的首次正式访问再次强调，巴基斯坦希望增加对中国的农产品出口，并解决与中国这个战略伙伴不断扩大的贸易逆差。
随着中巴经济走廊进入第二阶段，两国农业合作近年来势头强劲，两国于2018年成立了农业联合工作组。
在本月早些时候谢里夫访问后，北京在外交部的一份声明中承诺支持“扩大巴基斯坦对中国的出口”，并补充说，中国“欢迎巴基斯坦的优质产品，包括食品和农产品，进入中国市场”。
巴基斯坦62.5%的人口生活在农村地区，农业是该国经济的支柱，贡献了该国75%的出口。
中国是巴基斯坦第二大出口目的地，2021年中国占巴基斯坦出口总额的11%，价值289亿美元。然而，巴基斯坦占中国农产品进口总额的比例从2018年的1%下降到2021年的0.79%。
江西农业大学经济管理学院教授塔里克•阿里(Tariq Ali)表示:“尽管巴基斯坦对中国的出口增加了。”“这意味着中国增加全球农产品进口的速度高于巴基斯坦。”
专家表示，由于结构性障碍，对中国这个全球最大的农产品进口国的出口潜力仍未得到充分利用。然而，随着双边合作的加强和中巴经济走廊陆路通道的利用，他们表示，这种情况可能会改变。
在巴基斯坦创纪录的洪水中，香蕉农遭受了毁灭性的损失
他说:“巴基斯坦的农民很勤劳，在高温下在地里辛勤劳作，但我们缺乏获得现代技术和最新研发成果的途径。这是一个障碍，”巴基斯坦中国与全球化中心(Centre for China and globalization)汉学家扎米尔•艾哈迈德•阿万(Zamir Ahmed Awan)表示。
在中巴经济走廊第二阶段，中国已开始加强与巴基斯坦的农业合作。这涉及加强和升级相关基础设施;增加作物种子生产和家禽养殖等领域的技术交流;为农民和农业大学提供教育和研究。
针对这些发展，阿万补充说:“在过去几年里，巴基斯坦农产品在中国的销售明显增加，但潜力仍然巨大。”
据巴基斯坦媒体报道，今年巴基斯坦对中国的农业出口价值有望达到创纪录的10亿美元。
在2007年和2020年两国之间的自由贸易协定生效后，巴基斯坦目前对出口到中国的1000多种商品享受零关税。
巴基斯坦国家粮食安全和研究部(Ministry of National food security and Research)食品安全专员赛义德•瓦西姆-乌尔-哈桑(Syed Waseem-ul-Hassan)说，伊斯兰堡正在努力增加巴基斯坦对中国的农产品出口。
他说:“我们已经签署了(谅解备忘录)和协议，或正在处理从巴基斯坦出口各种农产品的协议，包括大米、芒果和柑橘等水果，以及土豆和洋葱等蔬菜。”
据中国海关数据显示，今年前9个月，巴基斯坦对华出口额同比增长2%，达到25.7亿美元，但其对华贸易逆差达到150亿美元，其中约170亿美元的货物流向中国。
巴基斯坦市场经济政策研究所执行主任阿里·萨勒曼说:“如果你看看巴基斯坦的农业是如何组织的，你会发现大多数农业是非正式的，都是小型农场。”“虽然这意味着我们能够生产高质量的产品，但我们无法满足中国市场日益增长的需求。缺乏规模经济。”
在中国和巴基斯坦之间的一个解决这一问题的农业项目中，6个模范农场共种植了300英亩(121公顷)的辣椒。今年5月，他们开始产出约700吨干辣椒，这些辣椒将出口到中国。
中国敦促保护巴基斯坦项目，和平结束克什米尔争端2022年11月3日
萨尔曼补充说，另一个障碍是，由于巴基斯坦农业的非正式性质，农民不了解可以延长某些产品保质期的质量标准或包装标准。
巴基斯坦缺乏运输和冷藏设施，这阻碍了其易腐烂商品的出口。根据亚洲开发银行2019年的一份报告，因此，水果和蔬菜收获后的损失可能占到产量的30- 40%。
除了缺乏疾病控制措施外，这些问题还意味着“巴基斯坦向中国出口生动物，而加工肉类相对较少”，萨尔曼说。
阿万补充说，中国正在帮助巴基斯坦制定家畜疾病控制措施，并建设和升级现有的检测实验室。
江西农业大学的阿里表示，巴基斯坦的出口也将受益于中巴经济走廊建设的直接陆路连接，因为这将缩短运输距离，降低成本。
他说:“大米是一种体积庞大的商品，肉类以及保质期较短的新鲜蔬菜和水果很容易通过陆路运输到中国。”
然而，仅仅增加出口量还不足以解决贸易赤字问题，萨勒曼说，他指出巴基斯坦需要专注于增值出口。
棉纱和服装是巴基斯坦对华主要增值出口产品。然而，萨尔曼说，巴基斯坦的棉花产量持续下降，不仅是因为最近的洪水摧毁了大片作物，还因为更多的农民转向种植甘蔗。
“如果我们只依赖农业，对中国的贸易逆差将继续增加，”他补充说。
附件：本网站时事评论员巴铁泽米尔简介
Zamir Awan，泽米尔阿万，笔名：巴铁泽米尔。
现任巴基斯坦国立科技大学中国研究中心副主任。巴基斯坦驻中国大
使馆原科技参赞。
泽米尔生于1962年3月1日，80年代在中国留过学。在上海大学获得学士与硕士学位，机械专业。
从2010年，在巴基斯坦驻华大使馆，担任参赞，负责中巴两国之间科技交流与发展科技合作。中巴两国政治关系非常密切，通称“铁哥们儿全天候战略合作伙伴”的关系。科技算战略地位，所以两国也重视科技交流与合作。
泽米尔阿万，利用他在中国学习时学过的知识（包括农业、林业、生物学、健康业、工业、水电、能源、高等教育等等）加强了合作关系。签订了不少合同与协议，推动了不少项目。
他为巴中两国人民之间的友谊做了不少的工作，特别一带一路与巴中经济走廊方面。在他的任期中，在两国关系发展壮大。
从2020年起成为《新红网》时事评论员。
China-Pakistan trade deficit in focus after prime minister’s visit to Beijing
Exporting more agricultural goods to China is on the table, but structural barriers and a lack of technological advancements in rural Pakistan are holding back the industry new land routes in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor could make it easier for the world’s largest importer of agricultural commodities to get more rice and other staple goods
Agriculture remains the backbone of Pakistan’s economy, accounting for 75 percent of its exports. Photo: EPA-EFE
Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif’s first official visit to China has put renewed emphasis on Pakistan’s desire to increase its agricultural exports to China and tackle a ballooning trade deficit with its strategic partner.
As the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) enters its second phase, agricultural cooperation between the two partners has been gaining momentum over the past few years,
after both countries established a joint working group on agriculture in 2018.
After Sharif’s visit earlier this month, Beijing vowed support for “expanding [Pakistan’s] exports to China”, adding that it “welcomed quality goods, including food and agricultural products, from Pakistan to enter the Chinese market”, in a statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
With 62.5 percent of Pakistan’s population living in rural areas, agriculture is the backbone of the country’s economy, contributing to 75 percent of its exports.
Xi calls for port and railway projects in Pakistan to be ‘accelerated’2 Nov 2022
China is Pakistan’s second-largest export destination, with an 11 percent share of Pakistan’s total exports in 2021, worth US$28.9 billion. Yet, Pakistan’s share of China’s total agricultural imports was only 0.79 percent in 2021, a decline from 1 percent in 2018.
“This happened despite Pakistan’s higher exports to China,” said Tariq Ali, a professor at the School of Economics and Management at Jiangxi Agricultural University. “This means
that China increased its global imports of agricultural commodities at a higher pace than it did for Pakistan.”
The potential for exports into China – the world’s largest importer of agricultural commodities – remains underutilized due to structural barriers, according to experts. However, with increased bilateral cooperation and the utilization of land routes under CPEC, they say that could change.
Banana farmers suffer devastating loss amid record flooding in Pakistan
“The farmers in Pakistan are hard-working, toiling in fields in high temperatures, but we have a lack of access to modern technologies and the latest research and development. That is the hindrance,” said Zamir Ahmed Awan, a sinologist at the Centre for China and Globalisation in Pakistan.
Under the second phase of the CPEC, China has begun increasing agricultural collaboration with Pakistan. This has involved strengthening and upgrading relevant infrastructure; increasing technology exchange in fields such as crop-seed production and
poultry breeding; and providing education and research to farmers and agriculture universities.
Pointing to these developments, Awan added: “In the last couple of years, there has been a visible increase in Pakistani agricultural products in China, but the potential is still huge.”
Pakistani media have reported that the value of agricultural exports to China is expected to reach a record high of US$1 billion this year.
Pakistan currently enjoys zero duties on more than 1,000 goods sold to China, after free-trade agreements between the neighbors took effect in 2007 and 2020.
Islamabad is working to increase Pakistan’s agricultural exports to China, said Syed Waseem-ul-Hassan, food security commissioner with Pakistan’s Ministry of National Food Security and Research.
“We have [memorandums of understanding] and protocols that have either been signed or are under processing for the export of various agricultural commodities from Pakistan, including rice, fruits such as mangoes and citrus, and vegetables such as potatoes and onions,” he added.
While the value of Pakistan’s exports to China during the year’s first nine months saw a year-on-year increase of 2 percent, to US$2.57 billion, its trade deficit with China reached US$15 billion, owing to about US$17 billion worth of goods going the other way, according to Chinese customs data.
“If you look at how agriculture in Pakistan is organized, most of it is informal and in small farms,” said Ali Salman, executive director at the Policy Research Institute of Market Economy in Pakistan. “Although it means we are able to produce good quality, we are not able to meet the growing demand of the Chinese market. The economies of scale are lacking.”
In one such agricultural project between China and Pakistan that addressed this, chilies were cultivated in six model farms spanning a combined 300 acres (121 hectares). In May, they began to yield an estimated 700 tonnes of dried chilies, which would be exported to China.
China urges protection of Pakistan projects, peaceful end to Kashmir dispute3 Nov 2022
Another barrier is that, due to the informal nature of agriculture in Pakistan, farmers do not have knowledge of quality standards
or packaging standards that can extend the shelf life of certain products, Salman added.
Pakistan lacks transport and cold-storage facilities, and this hinders its export of perishable commodities. Due to this, post-harvest losses in fruits and vegetables can account for 30-40 percent of the production, according to a 2019 report by the Asian Development Bank.
These problems, in addition to a lack of disease-control measures, also mean that “Pakistan exports raw animals to China and comparatively less processed meat”, Salman said.
Awan added that China is helping Pakistan establish disease-control measures for livestock, as well as build and upgrade existing testing laboratories.
Pakistan’s exports would also benefit from the direct land links built under CPEC, as these would shorten transport distance and reduce costs, said Ali from Jiangxi Agricultural University.
“Rice, a bulky commodity, meat, and fresh vegetables and fruits, which have a shorter shelf life, would readily be transported to China through the land connections,” he said.
However, merely increasing the volume of exports would not be enough to tackle the trade deficit, said Salman, noting that Pakistan would need to focus on value-added exports.
Cotton yarn and apparel are the main value-added exports of Pakistan to China. However, cotton production in Pakistan has continued to decline, not only due to recent floods that destroyed vast swathes of the crop but also because more farmers are shifting to sugar cane, Salman said.
“If we rely on just agriculture, the trade deficit with China will continue to increase,” he added.
翻译整理：那娜
图文整理：陈凉科技陈思源
责任编辑：陈凉
Reference Link:- https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3199550/china-pakistan-trade-deficit-focus-after-prime-ministers-visit-beijing